Cities ranked by healthcare

Score 0-100. Universal-coverage cities (Australian, Canadian, European capitals) score 88-92 by default, adjusted up for system reputation (German, Dutch, Australian) and down for known access bottlenecks (UK NHS waiting lists). US cities score lower not because the medicine is worse but because access is gated by insurance and out-of-pocket exposure is higher.

Signals we look at

• Universal coverage availability for the visa class
• Numbeo healthcare quality + access subscores
• Out-of-pocket exposure on a typical visa class
• Editorial review of waiting times for non-emergency specialist care

Scores are editorial assessments, not algorithmic. We update them as data refreshes from public sources and as the editorial revisits each city.