Cities ranked by inclusiveness

Score 0-100. Belonging is harder to measure than legal protection. We use the UC Berkeley OBI Belonging Index as the anchor, layered with editorial review of how recent newcomers report being received — language access for immigrants, religious accommodation, race-based hate-crime trends, and disability access. Multicultural-policy countries (Canada) score high; recent right-shift politics (parts of Europe) reduce the score even when underlying laws haven't moved.

Signals we look at

• UC Berkeley OBI Belonging Index
• Foreign-born population integration metrics
• Hate-crime reporting trends in the trailing 24 months
• Editorial review of newcomer-receipt narratives

Scores are editorial assessments, not algorithmic. We update them as data refreshes from public sources and as the editorial revisits each city.